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KMID : 0379319830080010044
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Korean Journal of Rural Medicine
1983 Volume.8 No. 1 p.44 ~ p.65
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Epidemiological Studies of Clonorchiasis
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金東燦/Kim, D.C.
李溫永/李鍾秀/安壯洙/張泳美/孫盛昌/文翊相/Lee, O.Y./Lee, J.S./Ahn, J.S./Chang, Y.M./Son, S.C/Moon, I.S.
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Abstract
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As a part of the epidemiological studies of clonorchiasis, this study was conducted to evaluate the current endemicity and the natural transition of the Clonorchis infection in Gimhae Gun and delta area a high endemic area in Korea in recent years, prior to the introduction of praziquantel which will eventually influence the status of the prevalence. The data obtained in this study in 1983 were evaluated for natural transition of the infection in comparison with those obtained 16 years ago in 1967 by the author(Kim,1974).
The areas of investigation, villages and schools surveyed, methods and techniques used in this study were the same as in 1967, except for the contents of the questionnaire for raw freshwater fish consumption by the local inhabitants.
1) The prevalence rate of clonorchiasis in the general population of the villages was 48.1% on the average out of a total of 484 persons examined. The average of those of the riverside - delta area was 65.2 % and 43.0% in the inland area. Among the school children, the prevalence rate was 8.2% on the average out of a total of 1,423 examined.
By area, the prevalence rate was 10.8% in the riverside-delta area and 2.8% in the inland area. By sex, difference in the prevalence was seen only in the inhabitants of the inland area showing 52.4% in the male and 33.5% in the female.
2) In the natural transition of the infection, the prevalence rate among the inhabitants has decreased from 68.8% in 1967 to 48.1% in 1983, and in the schoolchildren from 56.4% in 1967 to 8.2% in 1983. The reduction rate was higher in the riverside delta area than in the inland area.
3) In the prevalence rate by age, 11.9 was first seen in the 5-9 age group and the rate gradually increased up to 75.0% in the 50-59 age group. By sex, the rate was higher in the male than in the female in the 20- 29 age group and over.
4) In the natural transition of the prevalence rate by age, the reduction rate of the infection during the past 16 years was greater in the younger age groups up to the 40 - 49 age group and reached the same level in the age group 50-59. Reduction was seen again in the age group over 60s. By sex,the reduction rate was greater in the female than in the male in the 20 -29 age group and over. By area, the reduction rate was greater in the riverside - delta area than in the inland area, particularly in the young age groups.
5) In the intensity of the infection among the cases, the mean egg out-put per mg feces per infected cases ( EPmg) in the inhabitants was 6.3. EPmg of those of the riverside -delta area was 15.4 and that of the inland was 2.8. On the other hand, in the schoolchildren, EPmg was 3.2,and no difference was seen between the two areas, the riverside -delta area and the inland area.
6) In the transition of the intensity of the infection by area, EPmg among the inhabitants inexplically increased from 7.8 in 1967 to 15.4 in 1983. This was probably caused by uneven specimen collection in the process of sampling the population. EPmg of the inhabitants in the inland area and those of the schoolchildren of birth riverside-delta and inland areas showed a similar decrease in the past 16 years.
7) The intensity of the infection by age showed a relatively low level in the 20- 29 age group and below, and EPmg 5.1-9.5 was seen in the 30 - 39 age group and over. By sex, EPmg was 5.8 in the male and 4.7 in the female.
8) In the transition of the intensity of the infection, EPmg decreased from 6.2 in 1967 to 5.4 in 1983. By age, in contrast to the figures of 1967 in which EPmg gradually increased with some fluctuation from 1.1 in the 0-4 age group to peak 10.5 in the 50 - 59 age group, in 1983 lower intensity of the infection was seen in the age group from 10 - 14 to 20 - 29 with the EPmg range of 0.6 -2.7.
9) In the distribution of the clonorchiasis cases by the range of EPmg value, 43.2 % of the cases were in 01- 0.9 and 34.6 % in 1.0 - 4.9. As a whole by cumulative percent, 44.6% of them were under 0.9 as light infection and 86.1% of them under 9.9 up to moderate infection. By sex, no difference was seen in EPmg.
10) In the transition of the distribution by the range of EPmg, the cases were distributed up to the range 80.0- 99.9 in 1967 and to 60.0 - 79.9 in 1983. By cumulative percent, in the range of 0.1 - 0.9 and less, light infection, 34.3% of them were distributed in 1967 and 44.6% in 1983 with about 10% increase. In the range of 5.0-9.9 and less, up to moderate infection, 83.2% in 1967 and 86.1 % in 1983 of the cases were seen, respectively.
11) The practice of raw freshwater fish consumption among the inhabitants seems to have decreased in recent years. Those who admitted to raw freshwater fish consumption in the last two years among the infected inhabitants were 59.3 °%,although 86.8% of them professed to have experience with raw freshwater fish consumption. 31.7% of those who have had experience of the raw freshwater fish consumption denied any further consumption in recent years. From an interview of 543 school-children, 24.1% of them admitted to an experience of raw freshwater fish consumption. However, those who have practiced in the past two years comprised 17.9 of%. Those who denied raw freshwater fish consumption in recent years among those who had such experience were 26.0% out of 131 interviewed. The rate of raw freshwater fish consumption in both inhabitants and schoolchildren were higher in the male than in the female. On the contrary, the rate of those who did not practise in recent years among those who had experience of raw freshwater fish consumption was higher in the female than in the male.
12) The major reason for the reduction of raw freshwater fish consumption among the local inhabitants was the risk of the fluke infection. However, it has become apparent that such change of taste has resulted from water pollution impact which has affected throughout the areas of the freshwater systems in this locality since last several years.
13) In animal survey, Clonorchis infection was seen in 14.8% of 88 dogs examined and 3.7%of 27 house rats examined.It was noted that populations of dogs and cats have increased in the villages surveyed. Although the prevalence rate was lower in the present survey than those of 1967, the significance of the animals as the reservoir host has not changed.
14) Prevalence rate of Clonorchis infection by cercariae in the first intermediate host, Parafossarulus manchouricus, was 0.6% out of 517 snails examined. The infection rate was lower in comparison with 2.3% out of 2,124 examined in 1967. Moreover, sharp decreases in number and distribution of the intermediate host snails in many watershed areas of the huge freshwater systems in this locality seemed to reduce transmission of Clonorchis in connection with the intermediate host stage of its life cycle.
15) Clonorchis infection in the second intermediate fish hosts was relatively low. The mean number of Clonorchis metacercaria per fish in Pseudorasbora parva was 517 in 1983, whereas it was 1943 in 1968 through 1969. Environmental water pollution has also caused the decreased fish population density in these areas, and this has also apparently affected to the practice of raw freshwater fish consumption among the local inhabitants.
16) In conclusion, endemicity of Clonorchis infection in Gimhae Gum and delta area of the Nagdong River has sharply decreased during the past 16 years. The major cause of the regressive transition of the infection was the water pollution of the land water systems of this locality. The pollution has upset the ecosystems comprising of the intermediate hosts of Clonorchis in many areas, and also affected to a significant extent to the discontinuance of the local inhabitants for raw freshwater fish consumption.
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